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Decisiveness and irreconcilableness were characteristics that made a unique successful leader. Imam condemned any compromise with regime and its supporters. He even disagreed with "step by step" offer of the politicians. He denied the request of international middlemen such as minister from the government of Pakistan. Finally he managed to overthrow Pahlavi dynasty and end 2500 years of monarchy in Iran on 11 February 1979.
53 years of Pahlavi dynasty ruling Iran, is a special period of time. They are the only monarchs who had gained power by overt and covert support of British and American colonialists, and by staging a coup d'etat. Reza Shah was supported till the end of his era, and when they decided that Muhammadreza should take his place, he obeyed.
Revolutionary Gatherings According to US Embassy Documents
Political protests against the Pahlavi regime had begun many years ago, but it was the protests of the 1970s, and especially the protests of 1977 and 1978, that bore fruit and led to a major political change. What were the characteristics of these protests that distinguished them from their previous uprisings?
Kashf-e-hijab (the compulsory banning of hijab by Reza Khan) according to memories;
One of the sources that Provides valuable information about the implementation manner of kashf-e-hijab policy is the memoirs, especially the memoirs written by government officials at the time of Reza Shah. Because by investigation of such memories, the missing links between government orders and society's reaction will be clarified.
On 8 March 1985, a huge explosion took place in Beirut. The target of the terrorist attack was Ayatollah seyyed MuhammadHossein Faz Allah. He survived the attack but the explosion caused death of 105 people and left 275 poeple wounded. Robert McFarlane, US security advisor and a high ranked CIA agent, believes that this failed attempt discredited the United States. William Casey, then CIA chief executive, managed the operation himself. Later, it was revealed that he had the financial support of Al-e-Saud.
Awkward Comrades;
In the 1970s, a vigorous competition arose to quench the Shah's thirst for arms purchases. This paved the way for bribery and made it one of the common rules of trade between Iran and Western companies.
Imam Khomeini, the leader of Islamic Revolution, was being observed by the analysts inside and outside of the country. His political activities against Pahlavi regime was analized and reported to related countries.
Reza Shah era was the time of fundamental reformations in the country. The reformations consist of a big range of positive and negative changes. Although the insights are sometimes paradoxical, but there's less doubt on the negative and anti-development actions of Shah. Even the supportive documents and resources have mentioned these actions. Although the documents from Den of Spies mostly cover Muhammadreza Shah era, but we can find information about Reza Shah era in some cases.
During a very short period, Reza Khan undermined the Iranian people’s religious values and endeavored to substitute them with western ones. He isolated Shiite clergies and diminished their influence for several years.
On February 27, 1971, SAVAK announced in a confidential report, "Achieving a position in the Ministry of Education during the reign of Ms. Farrokh Ro Parsa has been monetized; and everyone can reach different positions by paying certain rates."
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